W3C(XML)

Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth Edition)

W3C Recommendation 16 August 2006, edited in place 29 September 2006

This version:

http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816

Latest version:

http://www.w3.org/TR/xml

Previous version:

http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/PER-xml-20060614

Editors:

Tim Bray, Textuality and Netscape <tbray@textuality.com>

Jean Paoli, Microsoft <jeanpa@microsoft.com>

C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, W3C <cmsmcq@w3.org>

Eve Maler, Sun Microsystems, Inc. <eve.maler@east.sun.com>

Francois Yergeau

Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections.

The previous errata for this document, are also available.

See also translations.

This document is also available in these non-normative formats: XML and XHTML with color-coded revision indicators.

Copyright ⓒ 2006 W3C^® ( MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply.

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Abstract

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a subset of SGML that is completely described in this document. Its goal is to enable generic SGML to be served, received, and processed on the Web in the way that is now possible with HTML. XML has been designed for ease of implementation and for interoperability with both SGML and HTML.

Status of this Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document specifies a syntax created by subsetting an existing, widely used international text processing standard (Standard Generalized Markup Language, ISO 8879:1986(E) as amended and corrected) for use on the World Wide Web. It is a product of the XML Core Working Group as part of the XML Activity.

On 29 September 2006 this document was edited in place to remove a number of spurious and potentially misleading spaces.

The English version of this specification is the only normative version. However, for translations of this document, see http://www.w3.org/2003/03/Translations/byTechnology?technology=xml.

This document is a W3C Recommendation. This fourth edition is not a new version of XML. As a convenience to readers, it incorporates the changes dictated by the accumulated errata (available at http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-V10-3e-errata) to the Third Edition of XML 1.0, dated 4 February 2004. In addition, the markup introduced in the third edition, to clarify when prescriptive keywords are used in the formal sense defined in [IETF RFC 2119], has been modified to better match the intent of [IETF RFC 2119]. This edition supersedes the previous W3C Recommendation of 4 February 2004.

Please report errors in this document to the public xml-editor@w3.org mailing list; archives are available. For the convenience of readers, an XHTML version with color-coded revision indicators is also provided; this version highlights each change due to an erratum published in the errata list, together with a link to the particular erratum in that list. Most of the errata in the list provide a rationale for the change. The errata list for this fourth edition is available at http://www.w3.org/XML/xml-V10-4e-errata.

An implementation report is available at http://www.w3.org/XML/2006/06/xml10-4e-implementation.html. A Test Suite is maintained to help assessing conformance to this specification.

This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.

W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
    1.1 Origin and Goals
    1.2 Terminology
2 Documents
    2.1 Well-Formed XML Documents
    2.2 Characters
    2.3 Common Syntactic Constructs
    2.4 Character Data and Markup
    2.5 Comments
    2.6 Processing Instructions
    2.7 CDATA Sections
    2.8 Prolog and Document Type Declaration
    2.9 Standalone Document Declaration
    2.10 White Space Handling
    2.11 End-of-Line Handling
    2.12 Language Identification
3 Logical Structures
    3.1 Start-Tags, End-Tags, and Empty-Element Tags
    3.2 Element Type Declarations
        3.2.1 Element Content
        3.2.2 Mixed Content
    3.3 Attribute-List Declarations
        3.3.1 Attribute Types
        3.3.2 Attribute Defaults
        3.3.3 Attribute-Value Normalization
    3.4 Conditional Sections
4 Physical Structures
    4.1 Character and Entity References
    4.2 Entity Declarations
        4.2.1 Internal Entities
        4.2.2 External Entities
    4.3 Parsed Entities
        4.3.1 The Text Declaration
        4.3.2 Well-Formed Parsed Entities
        4.3.3 Character Encoding in Entities
    4.4 XML Processor Treatment of Entities and References
        4.4.1 Not Recognized
        4.4.2 Included
        4.4.3 Included If Validating
        4.4.4 Forbidden
        4.4.5 Included in Literal
        4.4.6 Notify
        4.4.7 Bypassed
        4.4.8 Included as PE
        4.4.9 Error
    4.5 Construction of Entity Replacement Text
    4.6 Predefined Entities
    4.7 Notation Declarations
    4.8 Document Entity
5 Conformance
    5.1 Validating and Non-Validating Processors
    5.2 Using XML Processors
6 Notation

Appendices

A References
    A.1 Normative References
    A.2 Other References
B Character Classes
C XML and SGML (Non-Normative)
D Expansion of Entity and Character References (Non-Normative)
E Deterministic Content Models (Non-Normative)
F Autodetection of Character Encodings (Non-Normative)
    F.1 Detection Without External Encoding Information
    F.2 Priorities in the Presence of External Encoding Information
G W3C XML Working Group (Non-Normative)
H W3C XML Core Working Group (Non-Normative)
I Production Notes (Non-Normative)

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